A spell of extremely cold weather in north-eastern Europe did not deter Russian communist supporters in Moscow's Red Square marking the anniversary of Lenin's death.
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Temperatures have fallen beneath -30C (-22F) in some parts of Russia.
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More than 70 people are reported to have died across the country. Here in St Petersburg, a doctor helps a frost-bitten man.
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Homeless people tried to keep warm by gathering at a ventilation shaft in central Moscow, as freezing air from Siberia swept through.
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In Ukraine, officials warned there was growing pressure on energy supplies.
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Belarus passengers in the capital, Minsk, had to travel in unheated trams. The weather could get even colder in the next few days, forecasters say.